Targeted compounds for the site-specific coupling of chemical moieties comprising a peptide linker

ABSTRACT

The invention generally relates to targeted compounds for the site-specific coupling of chemical moieties. The present invention features a targeted compound for the coupling of chemical moieties comprising at least one targeting domain capable of binding a target, and at least one linking moiety of up to 80 amino acids, preferably alanine, proline, and serine, and at least one coupling site consisting of cysteine or a cysteine-rich peptide motif (CXC, CXXC, or CXXXC), and wherein said linking moiety connects the targeting domain and a coupling site and/or wherein a linking moiety connects two coupling sites. The invention further features fusion proteins with ubiquitin muteins (Affilin®) as targeting domain. The invention also relates to the use of the targeted compounds for medical applications, in treatment or diagnosis of diseases.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to targeted compounds with the ability of site-specific coupling of chemical moieties due to a defined number of coupling sites at defined positions embedded in specific amino acids without secondary or tertiary structures. The targeted compound comprises at least one targeting domain selected from a non-Immunoglobulin protein or an antibody fragment capable of binding a target. The targeted compound further comprises at least one linking moiety consisting of up to 80 amino acids, preferably alanine, proline, and serine. The targeted compound further comprises at least one coupling site consisting of one cysteine or of a cysteine-rich peptide motif. Said linking moiety connects the targeting domain and a coupling site and/or said linking moiety connects two coupling sites. The invention specifically features fusion proteins with ubiquitin muteins (Affilin®) as non-Ig targeting domain. The invention also relates to the use of the targeted compounds for medical applications, in treatment or diagnosis of diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) selectively target drugs to a desired location and are composed of a monoclonal antibody and a cytotoxic agent (toxin). The antibody is targeting the agent to a specific target on a surface of a cell and binds the conjugate to the cell, where the drug can destroy the cell. An unsolved problem of ADCs is the coupling of a chemical moiety since antibodies do not possess defined free cysteins which allow site-specific coupling of e.g. a toxin. Instead, coupling of agents to antibodies is often performed via lysine residues which results in a product which is inhomogeneous in terms of positions where the toxin is coupled as well as the number of toxins coupled to the conjugates. Another established procedure of conjugation of drugs to monoclonal antibodies utilizes reduction of disulfide-bridges between cysteine residues present in antibodies to conjugate a drug to the free thiol groups of the reduced cysteine residues. However, such conjugates may be structurally unstable, which is a major disadvantage for further therapeutic or diagnostic applications as well as for manufacturing.

Due to several limitations of antibody-chemical moiety conjugates, there is an urgent need to provide novel compounds with improved properties overcoming the described disadvantages. Accordingly, there is a need in the field to provide novel compounds with coupling sites which allow specific coupling of a defined number of chemical moieties to targeted compounds to result in homogenous targeted products. Thus, it is an objective of the present invention to provide novel targeted carrier proteins with a defined number and defined location of coupling sites while maintaining the structural and functional characteristics of the targeting domain.

The invention provides compounds comprising targeting moieties based on non-Ig proteins or antibody fragments and a defined number of coupling sites at defined positions embedded in specific amino acids without secondary or tertiary structures. Such compounds are particularly well-suited for medical applications overcoming the disadvantages described above.

The above overview does not necessarily describe all problems solved by the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a targeted compound for the coupling of chemical moieties comprising at least one targeting domain capable of binding a target with a binding constant K_(D) of 500 nM or less, and at least one linking moiety consisting of up to about 80 amino acids wherein the linking moiety is comprising or consisting essentially of alanine, proline, and serine, and at least one coupling site at the C-terminal or N-terminal end of a linking moiety wherein the coupling site is consisting of one cysteine or of a cysteine-rich peptide motif CXC, CXXC, or CXXXC wherein X is selected from non-aromatic amino acids, and wherein a linking moiety connects a targeting domain and a coupling site and/or wherein a linking moiety connects two coupling sites. Preferably, the linking moiety is consisting essentially of or consisting of 20% to 60% alanine residues, 20% to 40% proline residues, and 10% to 60% serine residues. Optionally, the targeted compound comprises additionally an amino acid sequence of up to 80 amino acids (“cap”) after the most terminally located coupling site or after the most terminally located targeting domain. Preferably, the targeted compound is comprising T_(m)L_(n)S_(o)wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 and o=n or o=n−1 and, optionally T_(m)L_(n)S_(o)cap. Thus, the targeted compound comprises at least one targeting domain and 1 to 20 linking moieties and coupling sites.

The present invention further relates to a targeted compound wherein the X in the coupling site is selected from non-aromatic and non-hydrophobic amino acids, preferably selected from small or hydrophilic amino acids such as proline, alanine, serine, valine, glycine, threonine, aspargine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, lysine, histidine, or arginine.

The present invention also relates to a targeted compound wherein the targeting domain is a non-Immunoglobulin protein, preferably selected from but not limited to ubiquitin muteins (Affilin®), muteins of domains of staphylococcal protein A, ankyrin repeat protein muteins, lipocalin muteins, muteins of human Fyn SH3 domain, muteins of the tenth domain of human fibronectin, muteins of Kunitz domains of various protease inhibitors, Sac7d muteins, chagasin muteins, or muteins of multimerized Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-A, muteins of FN3 domain, muteins of cysteine-knot miniprotein muteins, muteins of Armadillo-repeat protein, muteins of tetranectin, muteins of C-type lectin domain, or muteins of CTLA4, or an antibody fragment or antibody derivative.

Preferably, the targeting domain of the targeted compound is a non-Immunoglobulin protein, more preferably a mutein exhibiting 80% to 94% identity to the parental protein, even more preferably a ubiquitin mutein (Affilin) exhibiting 80% to 94% identity to ubiquitin (SEQ ID NO: 1) or 80% to 94% identity to bis-ubiquitin (SEQ ID NO: 2).

Further, the present invention relates to a targeted compound wherein the targeted compound is a fusion protein or wherein the targeted compound comprises a covalent linkage between targeting domain and the first linking moiety.

The present invention relates to a targeted compound wherein a biologically active moiety is chemically coupled to the coupling site. The biologically active moiety may be selected from chemical moieties such as drugs, toxins, small molecules, chelators, and dyes.

The present invention relates to the use of the targeted compound in diagnostic or therapeutic applications, preferably in vitro diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising the targeted compound as described herein and to a kit comprising said composition.

The present invention is directed to a method for the preparation of a targeted compound.

This summary of the invention does not necessarily describe all features of the present invention.

Other embodiments will become apparent from a review of the ensuing detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Schematic drawing of selected targeted compounds of the invention. Shown are examples for compounds, i.e. fusion proteins, with a targeting domain that is not an antibody (shown in light grey as ellipse and referred to as T), 2 to 4 linking moieties consisting of amino acids Ala, Pro, and Ser (shown in medium grey as rectangle and referred to as L1, L2, L3, or L4) connecting 2 to 4 coupling sites consisting of Cys or a Cys-rich peptide motif (shown in dark grey as triangle for site-specific coupling), and an amino acid region of 10 to 80 amino acids after the most terminally located coupling site (shown as rectangle; referred to as “cap”).

FIG. 2. Expression and purification of fusion proteins. FIG. 2A. SEC profile of fusion protein 146414. FIG. 2B. SEC profile of fusion protein 143276. FIG. 2C. SDS-PAGE analysis of SEC fractions of fusion protein 146414. Lane 1: molecular weight marker, lanes 2 to 7: fractions FIG. 2D. SDS-PAGE analysis of SEC fractions of fusion protein 140353 (coupling site: CXXC). Lane 1: molecular weight marker, lane 2: supernatant, lane 3: pellet, lane 4: flow through, lanes 5 to 10: fractions.

FIG. 3. SPR analysis of fusion proteins and EDANS labeled fusion proteins to confirm specific binding affinity of labeled fusion proteins to the target. Black line represents the unmodified fusion protein, the grey line the EDANS-labeled fusion protein. FIG. 3A. Fusion protein 146414 and labeled 146414 (2 coupling sites). FIG. 3B. Fusion protein 146416 and labeled 146416 (4 coupling sites), FIG. 3C. Fusion protein 146418 and labeled 146418 (4 coupling sites), FIG. 3D shows binding kinetics of fusion protein 143276 to EGFR (2 coupling sites); different concentrations of fusion protein 143276 were analyzed (0, 1.9, 3.9, 7.8, 15.6, 31.3, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 nM).

FIG. 4. MALDI-TOF analysis to confirm homogeneously labeling of fusion proteins. MALDI-TOF mass spectra of fusion protein and EDANS-C2-Maleimid labeled fusion protein, FIG. 4A Fusion protein 146414 (left side of the figure) and EDANS-labeled fusion protein 146414 (right side of the figure). FIG. 4B. Fusion protein 146416 (left side of the figure) and EDANS-labeled fusion protein 146416 (right side of the figure). FIG. 4C. Fusion protein 146418 (left side of the figure) and EDANS-labeled fusion protein 146418 (upper part of the figure), FIG. 4D. Fusion protein 143276 (lower part of the figure) and EDANS-labeled fusion protein 143276. FIG. 4E. Fusion protein 140343 with peptide motif “CPAC” as coupling site (6 coupling sites) FIG. 4F. Fusion protein 140350 with peptide motif “CPAC” as coupling site (6 coupling sites).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before the present invention is described in detail below, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols and reagents described herein as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

Preferably, the terms used herein are defined as described in “A multilingual glossary of biotechnological terms: (IUPAC Recommendations)”, Leuenberger, H. G. W, Nagel, B. and Kölbl, H. eds. (1995), Helvetica Chimica Acta, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland).

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

Several documents (for example: patents, patent applications, scientific publications, manufacturer's specifications, instructions, etc.) are cited throughout the text of this specification. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. Some of the documents cited herein are characterized as being “incorporated by reference”. In the event of a conflict between the definitions or teachings of such incorporated references and definitions or teachings recited in the present specification, the text of the present specification takes precedence.

All sequences referred to herein are disclosed in the attached sequence listing that, with its whole content and disclosure, is a part of this specification.

Definitions

The term “about”, as used herein, encompasses the explicitly recited amounts as well as deviations therefrom of up to ±20%. More preferably, a deviation of up to ±15%, more preferably of up to ±10%, and most preferably up to 5% is encompassed by the term “about”. The term “at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 amino acid residues” is not limited to the concise number of amino acid residues but also comprises amino acid stretches that comprise up to 20% additional or comprise up to 20% less residues. For example “ about 70 amino acid residues” may also comprise 56 to 84 amino acid residues without deferring from the present invention.

As used herein, a “compound” refers to a composition of matter comprising at least two components, wherein these at least two components are held together by any kind of interaction, for example by covalent bonds, by ionic bonds, by hydrogen bonds, by van der Waals interactions, or by hydrophobic interactions.

The terms “component” or “moiety” or “domain” or “site” are used herein interchangeably and refer to sub-structures which are part of a compound.

As will be explained below in greater detail, the “targeted compound” of the invention comprises at least three components, namely (i) at least one targeting domain and (ii) at least one linking moiety and (iii) at least one coupling site, each counted as one component. As used herein, a “targeted compound” thus refers to a composition of matter comprising at least three components. A compound of the invention can be a fusion protein or a conjugate.

The terms “protein” and “polypeptide” refer to any chain of two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds, and do not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, “peptides”, “protein”, “amino acid chain,” or any other term used to refer to a chain of two or more amino acids, are included within the definition of “polypeptide,” and the term “polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-translational modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, proteolytic cleavage, modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids and similar modifications which are well known in the art. Thus, fusion proteins comprising two or more protein moieties also fall under the definition of the term “protein” or “polypeptides”.

The term “fusion protein” relates to a protein comprising at least a first amino acid chain joined genetically to at least a second amino acid chain. Thus, a fusion protein may comprise a multimer of proteins/peptides which are expressed as a single, linear polypeptide. It may comprise one, two, three, four, or even more proteins/peptides. For example, a fusion protein can be created through joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins/peptides.

The term “fused” means that the components are linked by peptide bonds, either directly or via peptide linkers.

The term “conjugate” as used herein relates to a protein comprising or essentially consisting of at least a first protein attached chemically to other substances such as to a second protein or a non-proteinaceous moiety. The conjugation can be performed by means of organic synthesis or by use of enzymes including natural processes of enzymatic post-translational modifications. Examples for protein conjugates are glycoproteins (conjugated protein with carbohydrate component) or lipoproteins (conjugated protein with lipid component). The molecule can be attached for example at one or several sites through any form of a linker. Chemical coupling can be performed by chemistry well known to someone skilled in the art, including substitution (e.g. N-succinimidyl chemistry), addition or cycloaddition (e.g. maleimide chemistry or click chemistry) or oxidation chemistry (e.g. disulfide formation). Some examples of non-proteinaceous polymer molecules which may be chemically attached to a compound of the invention are hydroxyethyl starch, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, dendritic polymers, polyoxyalkylene, chelators, drugs, toxins, small molecules, dyes, and others.

A fusion protein or protein conjugate may further comprise one or more reactive groups or peptidic or non-peptidic components such as ligands or therapeutically or diagnostically relevant molecules such as radionuclides or toxins. It may also comprise small organic or non-amino acid based substances, e.g. a sugar, oligo- or polysaccharide, fatty acid, etc. Methods for attaching a protein of interest to such non-proteinaceous components are well known in the art, and are thus not described in further detail here.

Throughout this specification, the term “non-immunoglobulin protein” is often abbreviated as “non-Ig protein”. Occasionally, both the long form and the abbreviated form are used at the same time, e.g. in the expression “non-immunoglobulin (Ig) protein”.

The term “naturally occurring” as used herein, as applied to an object refers to the fact that an object can be found in nature. For example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that is present in an organism that can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by man in the laboratory is naturally occurring.

In contrast thereto, the terms “non-natural” or “artificial” as used herein interchangeably refer to an object that is not naturally occurring, i.e. the term refers to an object that has been created, produced, or modified by man. For example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that has been intentionally modified or generated by man in a laboratory is “non-natural”. For example, the non-Ig protein of the invention is an artificial protein not existing in nature.

The term “binding” according to the invention preferably relates to a specific binding.

The term “dissociation constant” or “K_(D)” defines the specific binding affinity. As used herein, the term “K_(D)” (usually measured in “mol/L”, sometimes abbreviated as “M”) is intended to refer to the dissociation equilibrium constant of the particular interaction between a first compound and a second compound. In the context of the present invention, the term K_(D) is particularly used to describe the binding affinity between a binding protein and a target protein (or targeting domain).

As used herein, the terms “bind specifically”, “specifically bind”, and “specific binding” are understood to mean that the targeting domain of the targeted compound of the invention has a selective binding affinity for a particular target with a dissociation constant K_(D) of 1 μM (10⁻⁶ M) or less, preferably 100 nM (10⁻⁷ M) or less, preferably 10 nM (10⁻⁸ M) or less, preferably 1 nM (10⁻⁹ M) or less, preferably 100 μM (10⁻¹⁰ M), or preferably 10 μM (10⁻¹¹ M) or less. A high affinity corresponds to a low value of K_(D). “Specific binding” means herein that a protein binds stronger to a target for which it is specific, compared to the binding to another molecule. Preferably, the dissociation constant (K_(D)) for the target to which the compound binds specifically is more than 10-fold, preferably more than 20-fold, more preferably more than 50-fold, even more preferably more than 100-fold, 200-fold, 500-fold, or 1000-fold lower than the dissociation constant for the target to which the binding protein does not bind specifically.

Appropriate controls as known to someone skilled in the art can be used to distinguish between “specific” and “non-specific” binding.

The terms “protein capable of binding” or “binding protein” or “targeting domain” refer to an amino acid sequence (protein) capable of binding to a target protein (e.g. a tumor specific protein; a protein expressed on the surface of a tumor cell or a circulating tumor cell or a matrix protein or others). Any such binding protein may comprise additional components such as, for example, multimerization moieties, polypeptide tags, polypeptide linkers and/or non-proteinaceous polymer molecules.

The term Affilin® (registered trademark of Navigo Proteins GmbH, formerly known as Scil Proteins GmbH) as used herein refers to non-immunoglobulin derived binding proteins based on ubiquitin muteins. The terms “Affilin” and “ubiquitin mutein” and “modified ubiquitin” are all used synonymously and can be exchanged. The terms as used herein refer to derivatives of ubiquitin which differ from unmodified ubiquitin (for example, SEQ ID NO: 1) or bis-ubiquitin (for example, SEQ ID NO: 2) by amino acid exchanges, insertions, deletions, or any combination thereof, provided that the Affilin has a specific binding affinity to a target which is at least 10fold lower or absent in unmodified ubiquitin or bis-ubiquitin. This functional property of an Affilin is a de novo created property. An Affilin is not a naturally occuring ubiquitin existing in or isolated from nature. An Affilin molecule according to this invention comprises or consists of at least one modified ubiquitin moiety or two modified ubiquitin moieties linked together in a head-to-tail fusion. A “head-to-tail fusion” is to be understood as fusing two ubiquitins together by connecting them in the direction (head) N-C-N-C-(tail), as described for example in EP2379581B1 which is incorporated herein by reference. Ubiquitin moieties may be connected directly without any linker or with peptide linkers.

The terms “ubiquitin” or “unmodified ubiquitin” refer to ubiquitin in accordance with SEQ ID NO: 1 (wild type ubiquitin) or to proteins with at least 95% amino acids identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 (for example, with point mutations F45W, G75A, G76A which do not influence binding to a target).

Particularly preferred are ubiquitins from mammals, e.g. humans, primates, pigs, and rodents. On the other hand, it should be noted that the ubiquitin origin is not of high importance since according to the art all eukaryotic ubiquitins are highly conserved and the mammalian ubiquitins examined up to now are even identical with respect to their amino acid sequence. In this sense, ubiquitin from any other eukaryotic source can be used for further modifications to generate a novel binding capability. For instance ubiquitin of yeast differs only in three amino acids from the wild-type human ubiquitin (SEQ ID NO: 1).

The term “bis-ubiquitin” refers to a linear protein wherein two ubiquitin moieties are directly fused to each other in head to tail orientation. The term “bis-ubiquitin” refers to SEQ ID NO: 2 or to proteins with at least 95% amino acids identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 (for example, with point mutations selected from F45W, G75A, G76A, F121W, G151A, G152A).

As used herein, “substitutions” are defined as exchanges of an amino acid by another amino acid. Given the known genetic code, and recombinant and synthetic DNA techniques, the skilled scientist can readily construct DNAs encoding the amino acid variants. The term “insertions” comprises the addition of amino acids to the original amino acid sequence wherein the original amino acid remains stable without significant structural change. The term “deletion” means that one or more amino acids are taken out of the original sequence and the amino acids originally N-terminal and C-terminal of the deleted amino acid are now directly connected and form a continuous amino acid sequence.

The term “amino acid sequence identity” refers to a quantitative comparison of the identity (or differences) of the amino acid sequences of two or more proteins. “Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” with respect to a reference polypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. To determine the sequence identity, the sequence of a query protein is aligned to the sequence of a reference protein. Methods for alignment are well known in the art. For example, the SIM Local similarity program is preferably employed (Xiaoquin Huang and Webb Miller (1991), Advances in Applied Mathematics, vol. 12: 337-357), that is freely available (see also: http://www.expasy.org/tools/sim-prot.html). For multiple alignment analysis ClustalW is preferably used (Thompson et al. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res., 22(22): 4673-4680).

Each amino acid of the query sequence that differs from the reference amino acid sequence at a given position is counted as one difference. An insertion or deletion in the query sequence is also counted as one difference. For example, an insertion of a linker between two ubiquitin moieties is counted as one difference compared to the reference sequence. The sum of differences is then related to the length of the reference sequence to yield a percentage of non-identity. The quantitative percentage of identity is calculated as 100 minus the percentage of non-identity. In specific cases of determining the identity of ubiquitin muteins aligned against unmodified ubiquitin, differences in positions 45, 75 and/or 76 are not counted, in particular, because they are not relevant for the novel binding capability of the ubiquitin mutein but are only modifications relevant for certain experimental settings.

As used herein, the term “linker” or “linking moiety” refers to a moiety that connects a functional component with at least a second functional component. For example, a linker of the invention connects two coupling sites or a targeting domain and a coupling site. Other linkers may connect two targeting domains. Preferred embodiments of this invention comprise peptide linkers. For example, a peptide linker is an amino acid sequence that connects two functional components (e.g. peptides) via peptide bonds to generate a single, linear polypeptide chain.

In the present specification, the terms “target” and “binding partner” are used synonymously and can be exchanged. A target is any protein, peptide, fragment of a peptide, or other molecule such as glycosyl-structures capable of binding with an affinity as defined above to the targeting domain.

Preferred target molecules are tumor antigens, such as proteins, glycosyl structures, or other epitopes that are present on the outside of a tumor cell but that are absent or less expressed on non-tumor cells or which are present in tumor tissue but absent or rare on normal tissue.

The term “antibody fragment” refers to a fragment of an antibody that has a specific binding affinity to an antigen. Examples of an antibody fragment include single-chain antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, scFv, domain antibodies, minibodies, single-chain antibodies, and derivatives of antibody constant regions.

The term “coupling site” as employed herein means a cysteine or a cysteine rich amino acid sequence that is capable of reacting with other chemical groups to couple the compound of the invention to other chemical moieties.

The term “drug” means any substance which can affect any physical or biochemical properties of a biological organism, including but not limited to viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and humans. In particular, the term includes any substance intended for diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of diseases in organisms, in particular humans or animals.

Generally known and practiced methods in the fields of molecular biology, cell biology, protein chemistry and antibody techniques are fully described in the continuously updated publications “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, (Sambrook et al., Cold Spring Harbor); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel et al. Eds., Wiley & Sons); Current Protocols in Protein Science (J. E. Colligan et al. eds., Wiley & Sons); Current Protocols in Cell Biology (J. S. Bonifacino et al., Wiley & Sons) and Current Protocols in Immunology (J. E. Colligan et al., Eds., Wiley & Sons). Known techniques relating to cell culture and media are described in “Large Scale Mammalian Cell Culture (D. Hu et al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8:148-153, 1997); “Serum free Media” (K. Kitano, Biotechnol. 17:73-106, 1991); and “Suspension Culture of Mammalian Cells” (J. R. Birch et al. Bioprocess Technol. 10:251-270, 1990).

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be further described in more detail. Each embodiment defined below may be combined with any other embodiment or embodiments unless clearly indicated to the contrary. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous may be combined with any other feature or features indicated as being preferred or advantageous.

The present invention relates to a targeted compound for the coupling of chemical moieties comprising at least one targeting domain selected from a non-Immunoglobulin protein or an antibody fragment capable of binding a target with a binding constant K_(D) of 500 nM or less, and at least one linking moiety consisting of up to about 80 amino acids wherein the linking moiety is essentially consisting of or consisting of alanine, proline, and serine, and at least one coupling site at the C-terminal or N-terminal end of a linking moiety wherein the coupling site is consisting of Cys (C), CXC, CXXC, or CXXXC wherein X is selected from non-aromatic amino acids, and wherein a linking moiety connects the targeting domain and a coupling site and/or wherein a linking moiety connects two coupling sites. The one or more sites for coupling of chemical moieties consist of one cysteine or two cysteine residues interposed by 1, 2, or 3 non-aromatic amino acid residues. In preferred embodiments, a coupling site is located c-terminal of a linking moiety.

Structure of the Targeted Compound From the N-Terminus to the C-Terminus or From the C-Terminus to the N-Terminus.

Preferred embodiments are comprising T[LS]_(n), optionally T[LS]_(n)cap, wherein n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20. In some embodiments of the invention, targeted compounds comprise of T_(m)L_(n)S_(o) wherein m=1 or 2, n=1, 2, 3, or 4, o=1, 2, 3, or 4, optionally with cap.

The order of the components of the compound from the N-terminus to the C-terminus or the C-terminus to the N-terminus is, for example, as follows: targeting domain, linking moiety 1, coupling site 1, linking moiety 2, coupling site 2, linking moiety 3, coupling site 3. Further embodiments may comprise from the N-terminus to the C-terminus:

-   -   (i) targeting domain, linking moiety 1, coupling site 1, linking         moiety 2, coupling site 2; optional additionally cap;     -   (ii) targeting domain, linking moiety 1, coupling site 1,         linking moiety 2, coupling site 2, linking moiety 3, coupling         site 3, linking moiety 4, coupling site 4, optional additionally         cap;     -   (iii) targeting domain, linking moiety 1, coupling site 1,         linking moiety 2, coupling site 2, linking moiety 3, coupling         site 3, optional additionally cap;     -   (iv) coupling site 1, linking moiety 1, targeting domain,         linking moiety 2, coupling site 2, optional additionally cap;     -   (v) targeting domain 1, linking moiety 1, coupling site 1,         linking moiety 2, coupling site 2, targeting domain, linking         moiety 3, coupling site 3, optional additionally cap;     -   (vi) targeting domain 1, targeting domain 2, linking moiety 1,         coupling site 1, linking moiety 2, coupling site 2, optional         additionally cap;     -   (vii) targeting domain 1, linking moiety 1, coupling site 1,         linking moiety 2, coupling site 2, targeting domain 2, optional         additionally cap.

See FIG. 1 for an illustration of i), ii), and iii). For example, the embodiment as described above as (iii) comprises three coupling sites for the coupling of chemical moieties at defined positions embedded in hydrophilic amino acids (i.e. linking moiety and cap) without secondary or tertiary structure.

Other permutations of targeting moiety, linking moiety, and coupling site are possible.

Terminal “cap” amino acids. In an embodiment of the invention, the coupling site of the invention is not directly located at the C- or N-terminus of the compound. In such embodiment, the compound further comprises a “cap”, i.e. an amino acid sequence of 10 to 80 amino acids after the most terminally located coupling site. For example, in an embodiment wherein the targeted compound is a fusion protein, at least about 5, preferably about 10 amino acids are located between the terminal amino acid and the coupling site for site-specific coupling. Preferably, the cap essentially consists of or consists of any amino acid except aromatic amino acids or cysteine, thus preferably selected from alanine, proline, serine, valine, leucine, methionine, isoleucine, lysine, arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, threonine, glutamine, glycine, asparagine, or histidine.

Preferred are amino acids selected from alanine, proline, and serine. In preferred embodiments, the cap essentially consists of or consists of alanine, proline, and serine.

Size of the linking moiety/coupling site (L_(n)S_(o)) of the targeted compound. In one embodiment, the targeted compound is comprising the following formula: T_(m)L_(n)S_(o) cap wherein n or o=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20. Accordingly, L_(n)S_(o) comprises between minimal about 5, preferably about 10 to maximal about 1800 amino acids. The total number of amino acids of L_(n)S_(o)cap is between about 20 to 1800 amino acids, preferably, 25 to 1000 amino acids, preferably 50 to 800 amino acids, preferably 70 to 500 amino acids, and preferably 100 to 300 amino acids.

Defined number and position of linking moieties. The targeted compound of the invention comprises at least one peptide linker covalently connecting the targeting domain and the coupling site and/or at least one peptide linker connecting two coupling sites. In one embodiment, the compound comprises two peptide linkers of 10 to 80 amino acids, one peptide linker connecting the targeting domain and the first coupling site, and a second peptide linker between the first and the second coupling site. In another embodiment, the compound comprises three peptide linkers of 10 to 80 amino acids, one peptide linker connecting the targeting domain and the first coupling site, a second peptide linker between the first and the second coupling site, and a third peptide linker between the second and the third coupling site. In a further embodiment, the compound comprises four peptide linkers of 10 to 80 amino acids, one peptide linker connecting the targeting domain and the first coupling site, a second peptide linker between the first and the second coupling site, a third peptide linker between the second and the third coupling site, and a fourth peptide linker between the third and the fourth coupling site. Further embodiments of the invention with up to 20 linkers are composed accordingly.

Defined number and position of coupling sites. Coupling sites according to this invention consist of Cys or CysXaaCys or CysXaaXaaCys or CysXaaXaaXaaCys wherein Xaa is not an aromatic amino acid (i.e. Xaa is not Phe, Trp, Tyr) or preferably not selected from Cys or Met or Ile or Leu. The defined number and defined position of coupling sites enables a site-specific coupling of chemical moieties to the targeted compound, i.e. to the targeted fusion protein. The compound of the invention contains a number of cysteine residues (at least 1 up to maximal 40) for conjugating chemical moieties. Thus, if required, a large number of chemical moieties can be coupled to a compound of the invention, and the compound with the coupled chemical moieties can be targeted specifically to the target. The number of coupling sites (i.e. cysteine or cysteine-containing peptide motifs) can be adjusted to the optimal number for a certain application by a person skilled in the art in order to adjust the amount of the chemical moieties accordingly. In one embodiment, a compound of the invention comprises two coupling sites (e.g. Cys or Cys rich motifs) located at the N- and at the C-terminal end of a linking moiety. In certain specific embodiments of the invention, the linking moiety consists of about 20 to 30 amino acids (Pro, Ser, and Ala), for example 18 to 33 amino acids, between two coupling sites of the compound.

Coupling sites in a compound are identical or different. In preferred embodiments, all coupling sites in a compound are identical.

Linking moieties without secondary or tertiary structure. The present invention further relates to a targeted compound wherein a linking moiety consists of 20-60% alanine, 20-40% proline, and 10-60% serine. Thus, a linker for the compound of the invention is hydrophilic and without secondary or tertiary structure. Thus, due to linker moieties without secondary or tertiary structure, the functional and structural characteristics of the targeting domain are maintained in the targeted compounds with defined number and location of coupling sites.

Defined length of a linking moiety of up to 80 amino acids. The length of the peptide linker varies between at least about 10 and up to a maximum of about 80 amino acids. More preferably, the peptide linker(s) of the invention have a length of between about 10 and about 80 amino acids. In a preferred compound, the linking moieties consist of about 10 to about 60 amino acids or about 20 to about 60 amino acids or about 40 to about 60 amino acids or about 60 to about 80 amino acids. Linkers can independently consist of about 10 to about 80 amino acids. For example, in one embodiment of the invention the first peptide linker consists of about 50 amino acids, and the second peptide linker consists of about 25 amino acids. For example, in one embodiment of the invention the first peptide linker consists of about 10 amino acids, the second peptide linker consists of about 25 amino acids, the third peptide linker consists of about 30 amino acids. For example, in another embodiment of the invention the first peptide linker consists of about 50 amino acids, the second peptide linker consists of about 60 amino acids, the third peptide linker consists of about 60 amino acids. For example, in another embodiment of the invention the first peptide linker consists of about 50 amino acids, the second peptide linker consists of about 75 amino acids, the third peptide linker consists of about 75 amino acids, and the fourth peptide linker consists of about 60 amino acids. The length of the peptide linkers in one construct can be different or identical.

Amino acid composition of linking moieties. The composition of peptide linkers in one compound can be different or identical. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the peptide linkers of the compound independently consist of amino acids selected from Ala, Pro, or Ser. It is preferred that the peptide linkers consist of about 30% to about 60% alanine, about 20% to about 45% proline, and about 10% to about 60% serine, preferably about 40% to about 60% alanine, about 20% to about 40% proline, and about 10% to about 30% serine. In one embodiment, the peptide linkers consist of about 50% alanine, about 30% proline, and about 20% serine. It is further preferred that the amino acids alanine, proline, and serine are evenly distributed throughout the linker amino acid sequence so that not more than a maximum of 2, 3, 4, or 5 identical amino acid residues are adjacent, preferably a maximum of 3 amino acids. A preferred linker of the invention is proteolytically stable. Table 1a shows exemplary amino acid compositions of suitable linking moieties for targeted compounds of the invention.

TABLE 1a Amino acid compositions of suitable linking moieties for targeted compounds. SEQ ID Length Ala Pro Ser NO: amino acid sequence (aa) (%) (%) (%) 3 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAAPAAPASAPAPAPAPAASPSPAAPAPSPA 49 49 37 14 4 PAPASPASAPSAPASAPPAAPSAA 24 46 33 21 5 PAPSAPAPAASPAAAPASAAPASA 25 54 29 17 6 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAAPAAPASAPAPAPAPAPAA 49 54 36 10 7 ASPAPAPSPASPAPASPASAPSAPASAPPAAPSASPAPSAPAPAAASPA 59 43 35 22 8 APASAAPASASAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAAPAAPASAPAPAPAPAAAP 59 55 33 12 9 PAAPAPSPSAPAPASPASAPSAPASAPPAAPSAASPAPS 49 41 36 23 10 PAPASASPAAAPASAAPASA 20 55 25 20 11 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAAPAAPASAPAPAPAPAAAPSPAAPAPS 59 49 36 15 PASPAPASPASA 12 ASPSAPAPPAAPSAASPAPSAPAPAAASPAAAPSAAPASASAPAPSA 74 51 34 15 PAAPPAPAAPAAPAAPASAPAPAPAPA 13 APSPAAPAPSPASAAAPAPASPASAPSAPASAPPAAPSAASPAPSAPAPASA 74 47 31 22 SPAAAPSAAPAASASAPAPSPA 14 APSPAPAAPAAPASAAAPASAPAPAPAPAAAPSPAAPAPSPAAPAPASPASA 59 50 36 15 PSAPAPS 15 APAPSAASPAPSAPAPASASPAAAPASAPA 30 50 30 20 16 ASPASAAPAA 10 60 20 20 17 APAPASAPAAAPSPAAPAPSPAPAPA 26 50 38 12 18 APSAPASASPPSAPSASAASSASAPAAA 28 46 21 32 19 APASAAPASASAPAPSSAPAAS 22 50 23 27 20 APAPASPASAPSAPASAPPAAPSAASPAPSAPAPASASPAAAPSAAPAASAS 74 49 31 20 APAPSAPAAPSPAPAAPAAPAS 21 AAPASAPAPAPAPAAAPSPAAPAPSPAAPAPASPASAPSAPASAPPAAPSAA 75 49 33 17 SPAPSAPAPASASPAAAPASAPA 22 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAAPAAPASAPAPAPAPAAAPSPAAPAPSPA 49 51 37 12 23 PAPASPASAPSAPASAPPAAPSAASPAPSAPAPASASPAAAPASAAPASA 50 48 30 22 24 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAA 47 52 33 14 25 SAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAAPAPASAPAPAPAPAAPSPAAPAPSPAA 46 50 37 13 26 ASPAPASAPSAPASAPPAAPSAASPAPSAPAPASASPAAAPASAPSA 47 47 30 23 27 ASPSAPSAPSPPAPAAPAAPAPAAAPAPAPAPAAPSPAAPAPSPAA 46 48 39 13 28 ASPAPSAAPSAPASAPPAAPSAAAPAPSPAPAPASAAPAAPASAPSA 47 49 32 19 29 SAPSAPAAPSPPAPAAPAAPAPASAPAPAPAPAAPSPAAPAPSPAA 46 48 39 13 30 ASPAPASAPSAPASAPPAAPSAASPAPSPAPAPASASPAAPASAPSA 47 45 32 23 31 SAPSAPAAPSPPAPAAPAAPAPAAAPAPAPAPAAPSPAAPAPSPAA 46 50 39 11 32 ASPAPAAAPSAPASAPPAAPSAAAPAPSPAPAPASAAPAAPASAPSA 47 51 32 17 33 SAPAPSSAPAASAPPAAASAAPAA 24 54 25 21 34 APASAAPASA 10 60 20 20 55 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAAPAAPASAPAPA 32 53 34 12.5 56 APAASPSPAAPAPSPASPAPASPASAPSAPAS 32 40 34 25 57 PPAAPSAASSPAPSAPAPAASPAAAPASAAPASA 34 50 29 21 58 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAP 19 47 37 16 59 APAAPASAPAPASAPAASP 19 52 32 16 60 PAAPAPSPASPAPASPAPSSA 21 38 38 24 61 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAAPAAPASAPAPAPAPAASPS 40 50 35 15 62 SAPAASPSPAAPAPSPASPAPASPASAPSAPASAPPAASA 40 43 32 25 63 PAAPAPSPASPAPASPASAP 18 33 44 22 64 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAAPAAPAAPASAPAPA 33 55 33 12 65 APAASPSPAAAPAPSPASPAPASPASAPSAPAS 33 42 33 24 66 PPAAPSAASSPAPSAPAPAAASPAAAPASAAPASA 35 41 29 20 67 SAPAPSAPAAASAPPAPAAP 20 50 35 15 68 APAAAPASAPAPASAPAASP 20 55 30 15 69 PAAAPAPSPASPAPASPAPSSA 22 41 36 23 70 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAAAPAAPASAPAPAPAPAASPS 41 51 34 15 71 SAPAASPSPAAAPAPSPASPAPASPASAPSAPASAPPAASA 41 44 32 24 72 PAAAPAPSPASPAPASPASAP 21 43 38 19

In one embodiment of the invention, the coupling site is a cysteine located at the c-terminal end of a linking moiety. Amino acid compositions of selected examples for linking moieties with c-terminal coupling site (Cysteine) are shown in Table 1b.

TABLE 1b Amino acid compositions of examples for linking moieties with c-terminal coupling site amino acid sequence SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPC APAAPASAPAPASAPAASPC SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPAAPAAPASAPAPAC APAASPSPAAPAPSPASPAPASPASAPSAPASC

Two linking moieties each with c-terminal coupling site can be connected, for example:

(SEQ ID NO: 73 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPCAPAAAPASAPAPASAPAASPC, (SEQ ID NO: 75 SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPCAPAAPASAPAPASAPAASPC.

In preferred embodiments, a c-terminal “cap” is added after the most c-terminal coupling site:

(SEQ ID NO: 74) SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPCAPAAAPASAPAPASAPAASPCPAAPAPSPA SPAPASPASAP, (SEQ ID NO: 76) SAPAPSAPAASAPPAPAAPCAPAAPASAPAPASAPAASPCPAAPAPSPAS PAPASPASAP.

Preferably, the amino acid sequences of the linking moiety comprise or essentially consist of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 34 and SEQ ID NOs: 55 to 76 or amino acid sequences with at least 85% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 34 and SEQ ID NOs: 55 to 76.

For example, an exemplary targeted compound has two defined coupling sites at defined location embedded in linking moieties without secondary or tertiary structure so that a specific coupling of chemical moieties is given and the functional and structural characteristics of the targeting domain are maintained.

Defined composition of coupling sites. Coupling sites according to this invention consist of Cys (C) or CXC or CXXC or CXXXC. The present invention further relates to a targeted compound wherein X is selected from non-aromatic amino acids. Amino acids that are excluded as X in the coupling site between two cysteines are aromatic amino acids (Phe, Tyr, Trp), and preferably hydrophobic amino acids (Ile, Leu, Met, Cys). Preferably, amino acids in the coupling site between two cysteines are selected from small or hydrophilic amino acids such as Pro, Ser, Ala, Val, Gly, Thr, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Lys, Arg, and His. Non-limiting examples for coupling sites with CXXC motif (SEQ ID NO: 35) are CPAC (SEQ ID NO: 36), CSSC (SEQ ID NO: 37), CAAC (SEQ ID NO: 38), or CASC (SEQ ID NO: 39). The compound of the invention comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more, up to 20, coupling sites.

Targeting domain. In an embodiment, a targeted compound of the invention comprises a non-Ig protein or an antibody fragment (for example a Fab fragment) as targeting domain. The targeted compound of the invention does not comprise a full-length antibody. A disadvantage of full-length antibodies is that the Fc part of the antibody can bind to cellular receptors independently of the targeting specificity of the variable domain and thereby initiate undesired reactions. In contrast to full-length monoclonal antibodies, non-Ig proteins or antibody fragments bind specifically to the desired target but not to other proteins. Furthermore, non-Ig proteins are small proteins, easy to engineer and can be produced in microorganisms, thus providing technical advantages.

In an embodiment, a targeting domain is a non-Ig protein with a dissociation constant K_(D) to a target between 0.001 nM and 500 nM, preferably below 100 nM, preferably below 10 nM, more preferably below 1 nM. In some embodiments of the invention, targeted compounds, for example targeted fusion proteins, comprise one, two, or more targeting domains. In some embodiments, two identical targeting domains are connected via a peptide linker. In other embodiments, two different targeting domains are connected via a peptide linker. The different targeting domains may have specificity for the same epitope or for the same target protein, but for different epitopes. In another embodiment the different targeting domains may have specificity for different target proteins, i.e. the compound is bi-specific.

In one embodiment, the two targeting domains may be connected to linking moieties on both of their N- and C-termini. In other embodiments, one targeting domain is at the N- or C-Terminus of the compound while the second targeting domain is connected to linking domains on both of its N- and C-Termini. In yet another embodiment, both targeting domains are connected to a linking domain only on one of their N- or C-termini, i.e. the fusion protein comprises a first targeting domain at the N-terminus and a second targeting domain at the C-terminus.

Determination of binding affinity targeting domain. Methods for determining binding affinities, i.e. for determining the dissociation constant K_(D), are known to a person of ordinary skill in the art and can be selected for instance from the following methods known in the art: surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based technology, Bio-layer interferometry (BLI), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, fluorescence spectroscopy techniques, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), analytical ultracentrifugation, radioimmunoassay (RIA or IRMA), and enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL). Some of the methods are described in more detail in the Examples below. Typically, the dissociation constant K_(D) is determined at temperatures between about 20° C. and about 37° C. If not specifically indicated otherwise, the K_(D) values recited herein are determined at 25° C. by SPR analysis.

Further characterization of targeted compound. The further characterization of the targeted compounds of the invention, for example of the fusion proteins of the invention or of the non-Ig-proteins, for example ubiquitin muteins, can be performed in the form of the isolated, soluble proteins. The appropriate methods are known to those skilled in the art or described in the literature. Such methods include the determination of physical, biophysical and functional characteristics of the proteins. The affinity and specificity of the variants isolated can be detected by means of biochemical standard methods as discussed above and in the Examples and as known to those skilled in the art. For stability analysis, for example, spectroscopic or fluorescence-based methods in connection with chemical or thermal unfolding are known to those skilled in the art, including e.g. differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF).

Suitable non-Ig proteins as targeting domain. Examples of suitable non-Ig proteins are selected from, but not limited to, the following proteins: Affilin (ubiquitin muteins), DARPin (ankyrin repeat protein muteins), Anticalin (lipocalin muteins), Affibody (muteins of the Z-domain of staphylococcal protein A), Fynomer (mutein of human Fyn SH3 domain), AdNectin (mutein of the tenth domain of human fibronectin), Kunitz domain peptides (muteins of Kunitz domains of various protease inhibitors), Nanofitins (Sac7d muteins), Avimers (muteins of multimerized Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-A), chagasin scaffold or chagasin-like protease inhibitor proteins, Adnexin scaffold, Centryrin (FN3 domain muteins), Knottin (cysteine-knot miniprotein muteins), Armadillo-repeat protein muteins, Atrimers (tetranectin muteins; C-type lectin domain muteins), or CTLA4 based muteins. Additional information on scaffolds based on non-Ig proteins is provided for example in Vazquez-Lombardi et al., Drug Discov. Today, 2015 20: 1271-1283 or in Weidle et al., Cancer Genomics and Proteomics 2013 10: 155-168.

Suitable antibody fragments as targeting domain. Selected examples for suitable fragments derived from antibodies are single-chain antibodies, derivatives of antibody constant regions, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, scFv, or domain antibodies (e.g. Nanobodies or Abdurins).

Examples for suitable targets. The non-Ig protein binds with detectable specific binding affinity to a target, for example, a target that is associated with a certain disease, e.g. in cancer, autoimmune or cardio-vascular diseases. Examples for binding partners for the targeting domain are cell surface expressed targets, selected from but by no means limited to Her2, EGFR, ED-B, PSMA, or VEGF-A. It should be noted that a plurality of possible targets can be used. A compound of the invention comprising two or more targeting domains may bind to the same target, but to different epitopes. For example, a compound having two non-identical targeting domains each with affinity for Her2 may bind to different Her2-epitopes. A compound of the invention comprising two or three targeting domains may be bi-specific or tri-specific and bind to two or three different targets. For example, a compound having a targeting domain with affinity for Her2 and a second targeting domain with affinity for EGFR binds to both Her2 and EGFR.

Affilin as example for a targeting domain. Preferably, the targeting domain of the targeted compound is a ubiquitin mutein (Affilin) exhibiting 80% to 94% identity to ubiquitin (SEQ ID NO: 1) or 80% to 94% identity to bis-ubiquitin (SEQ ID NO: 2), provided that the Affilin has a specific binding affinity to a target. In other words, ubiquitin muteins are modified in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 amino acids compared to SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably modifications in 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1, or in 10 to 32 amino acids compared to SEQ ID NO: 2, preferably modifications in 12 to 22 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2, to generate a non-natural protein with newly created measurable binding properties to a target antigen.

Identification of a targeting domain. The derivatization of a non-Ig protein, for example, of a ubiquitin to generate a mutein that specifically binds to a particular target antigen has been described in the art. For example, a library can be created in which for example the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 has been altered. Preferably, the alteration is a substitution, insertion, or deletion as described in the art. The substitution of amino acid residues for the generation of the novel binding proteins derived from ubiquitin can be performed with any desired amino acid. This is described in detail in EP1626985B1, EP2379581B1, and EP2721152, which are incorporated herein by reference.

The step of modification of the selected amino acids is performed according to the invention preferably on the genetic level by random mutagenesis of the selected amino acids. A pre-selection of the amino acids to be modified by substitution, insertion or deletion can be performed based on structural information available for the ubiquitin protein to be modified. Preferably, the modification of the non-Ig protein is carried out by means of methods of genetic engineering for the alteration of a DNA belonging to the respective protein. The selection of different sets of amino acids to be randomized leads to different libraries. The gene pool libraries obtained can be combined with appropriate functional genetic elements which enable expression of proteins for selection methods such as display methods. The expressed proteins are contacted with a target molecule to enable binding of the partners to each other if a binding affinity exists. This process enables identification of those proteins which have a binding activity to the target molecule.

Contacting according to the invention is preferably performed by means of a suitable presentation and selection method such as the phage display, ribosomal display, mRNA display or cell surface display, yeast surface display or bacterial surface display methods, preferably by means of the phage display method as known to someone skilled in the art. Identified clones with desired binding properties are then sequenced to reveal the amino acid sequences of muteins. The identified binding protein may be subjected to further maturation steps, e.g. by generating additional libraries based on alterations of the identified sequences and repeated phage display, ribosomal display, panning and screening steps as described above and as known to someone skilled in the art.

In one embodiment of the invention, in order to generate a measurable binding affinity with a K_(D) of at least e.g. 10⁻⁷ M to a target, a ubiquitin is at least substituted in 5 amino acids selected from positions 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, or 68 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Further 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 amino acids might be modified to generate a measurable binding affinity to a target.

In one embodiment, the targeting moiety of a compound of the invention comprises a ubiquitin mutein based on SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein the alteration is carried out at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11, preferably a total of 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 amino acids located in (i) region 2 to 11, or (ii) region 62 to 68, or (iii) in both regions simultaneously. Further positions not comprised by these regions might be altered as well.

Specific examples for Affilin proteins as targeting domain. In one embodiment of the invention, in order to generate a measurable binding affinity with a K_(D) of at least e.g. 10⁻⁷ M to a target, a ubiquitin moiety is at least substituted in 5 amino acids corresponding to positions 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 of SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably in combination with an insertion of 2-10 amino acids in the loop region corresponding to positions 8 to 11 of SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably between positions 9 and 10 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (for example, EGFR-specific Affilin-139819; SEQ ID NO: 41).

In another embodiment of the invention, two ubiquitin moieties are independently at least substituted in 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 amino acids selected from and corresponding to regions 2 to 11 and 62 to 68, for example selected from positions 2, 4, 6, 8, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the two ubiquitin moieties are connected directly or via a peptide linker, preferably directly connected.

In yet another embodiment, the binding moiety of the present invention relates to a binding protein with binding affinity (K_(D)) of less than 500 nM for a target, wherein the target binding protein comprises an amino acid sequence wherein two ubiquitin moieties are independently substituted in at least 7 amino acids wherein the substitutions in the first ubiquitin moiety are at least selected from positions 42, 44, 68, 70, 72, 73, and 74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and wherein the substitutions in the second ubiquitin moiety are at least selected from positions 6, 8, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein the two ubiquitin moieties are connected directly without any linker. Further, the binding protein has at least 85% sequence identity to bis-ubiquitin (SEQ ID NO: 2). A target binding ubiquitin mutein may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 further substitutions to generate a binding protein for a target with high affinity, for example, a Her2-specific binding protein (Affilin-142628; SEQ ID NO: 40).

In yet another embodiment, the target binding ubiquitin mutein may comprise substitutions in the first ubiquitin moiety at least selected from positions 6, 8, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and in the second ubiquitin moiety at least selected from positions 6, 8, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein the two ubiquitin moieties are connected with a short peptide linker to generate a binding protein for a target with high affinity, for example, an ED-B-specific binding protein, for example as disclosed in EP2513138B1 which is incorporated herein by reference.

Examples for VEGF-A specific Affilin proteins are provided in WO2012/172054.

In further preferred embodiments, fusion proteins of the invention comprise, essentially consist of or consist of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 42 to 51, or amino acid sequences with at least 85% identity to SEQ ID Nos: 42 to 51, or functional variants thereof.

The present invention further relates to a targeted compound wherein the targeted compound is a fusion protein. Examples for fusion proteins are shown in amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 42 to 51.

Specific examples for chemical moieties. The present invention relates to a targeted compound wherein the chemical moieties that are coupled to the coupling site of the compound are selected from dyes, chelators, drugs, toxins, and small molecules. Examples for small molecules are low molecular weight (below about 5000 Daltons) organic compounds. An example for a suitable dye is EDANS (5-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid). An example for a chelator is DOTA which can be used as complexing agent for molecules with various structures, including radioisotopes. Resulting compounds can be used with a number of e.g. radioisotopes, in particular for a use in medical applications. Examples for toxins are selected from, but by no means limited to, auristatins, tubulysins, amanitins, doxorubicin, maytansines, calicheamicin, vinca alkaloids, camptothecin, and duocarmycin.

Use of the targeted compound. The present invention also relates to a use of the targeted compound in diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Targeted compounds with coupled chelators, drugs, toxins, and small molecules can be particularly useful in therapeutic applications, for example in cancer therapy. For example, compounds with dyes coupled to the coupling site can be useful in diagnostic applications, for example in cancer diagnosis. For example, compounds with chelators coupled to the coupling site can be useful in diagnostic or therapeutic applications; for example, further substances such as radioisotopes can be coupled to chelators.

Composition of the targeted compound. The present invention also relates to a composition of a targeted compound and to a kit comprising the composition of the targeted compound. A kit comprises a composition of a targeted compound in a predefined amount and optionally further components such as solutions, buffers, handling devices, and others, suitable for handling the compound or preparing the targeted compound for further use.

Method for the preparation of a targeted compound. The present invention is further directed to a method for the preparation of a targeted compound according to the invention as detailed above, said method comprising the following steps: preparing a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein as defined above; introducing said nucleic acid into an expression vector; introducing said expression vector into a host cell; cultivating the host cell; subjecting the host cell to culturing conditions under which a fusion protein is expressed, thereby producing a fusion protein as described above; optionally isolating the fusion protein produced in step (e); and optionally conjugating the fusion protein with further functional moieties as described above. Cultivation of cells and protein expression for the purpose of protein production can be performed at any scale, starting from small volume shaker flasks to large fermenters, applying technologies well-known to those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are provided for further illustration of the invention. The invention, however, is not limited thereto, and the following Examples merely show the practicability of the invention on the basis of the above description. For a complete disclosure of the invention reference is made also to the literature cited in the application which is incorporated completely into the application by reference.

Example 1 Generation of Expression Constructs

A schematic drawing of preferred compounds of the invention is provided in FIG. 1. Fusion proteins have the following structural features: targeting domain-(linker-coupling site)_(n)-cap. Specific fusion proteins were generated comprising (i) as targeting domain a Her2-specific binding protein protein or an EGFR-specific binding protein; (ii) as linking moiety 22 to 74 amino acids selected from Ala, Pro, Ser (referred to as “APS” in Table 2), 2, 3, or 4 linking moieties in the fusion protein; (iii) as coupling site the amino acid Cys or the peptide motif Cys-Pro-Ala-Cys regularly spaced between the linking moieties with minimum distance between each coupling of 22 amino acids and maximum distance of 74 amino acids; (iv) as cap at the C-terminus 10 to 30 amino acids (selected from Ala, Pro, Ser) to avoid a terminal position of a coupling site.

TABLE 2 Examples for fusion proteins total cap length Clone SEQ linker (L) number (number number ID (number of of Cys of amino (CID) NO: T_(m)L_(n)S_(o)cap amino acids) in “S” acids) 146414 43 Affilin-(APS- L₁ 49, L₂ 24 2 25 Cys)₂-cap- 146416 44 Affilin-(APS- L₁ 39, L₂ 49, 4 20 Cys)₄-cap- L₃ 49, L₄ 39 146418 45 Affilin-(APS- L₁ 59, L₂ 74, 4 30 Cys)₄-cap- L₃ 74, L₄ 59 143276 42 Affilin-(APS- L₁ 49, L₂ 24 2 25 Cys)₂-cap- 140353 52 Affilin-(APS- L₁ 26, L₂ 28, 6 10 CysProAlaCys)₃- L₃ 22 cap 140153 50 Affilin-(APS- L₁ 24, L₂ 26, 6 10 CysProAlaCys)₃- L₃ 23 cap- 140350 51 Affilin-(APS- L₁ 24, L₂ 26, 6 10 CysProAlaCys)₃- L₃ 23 cap-

Affilin proteins used as targeting domains: EGFR-specific Affilin-139819 (SEQ ID NO: 41) with a K_(D) for EGFR of about 20 nM and thermal stability at 73° C.; Her2-specific Affilin-142628 (SEQ ID NO: 40) with a K_(D) for Her2 of about 0.4 nM and thermal stability at 62° C. Any other target specific functional variants of these Affilin binding proteins or other target-specific non-Ig proteins or target-specific antibody fragments could be used.

Genes were synthesized and cloned into an E. coli expression vector using standard methods known to a person skilled in the art. C-terminal tags (e.g. StrepTagII, SEQ ID NO: 54, or/and His Tag, SEQ ID NO: 53) were added to enable standard purifications protocols. DNA sequencing was used to verify the correct sequence of the fusion proteins.

Example 2 Expression of Fusion Proteins

HMS174 (DE3) competent cells were transformed with expression plasmids. Cells were spread onto selective agar plates (Kanamycin) and incubated overnight at 37° C. Pre-cultures were inoculated from single colony in 100 ml superrich medium (modified H15 medium 2% glucose, 5% yeast extract, 1% Casamino acids, 0.76% glycerol, 0.7% lactose, 1% Torula yeast RNA, 250 mM MOPS, 202 mM TRIS, 10 mg/L RNase A, pH 7.4, Antifoam SE15) and cultured 16 hours at 37° C. at 160 rpm in a conventional orbital shaker in baffled 1 L Erlenmeyer flasks supplemented with 150 μg/ml Kanamycin without lactose and antifoam. Main culture was inoculated from previous overnight culture with an adjusted start-OD₆₀₀ of 0.5 in 400 ml superrich medium in 1 L thick-walled Erlenmeyer flasks that was supplemented with glycerol, glucose, lactose, antifoam agent and 150 μg/ml Kanamycin. Cultures were transferred to a resonant acoustic mixer (RAMbio) and incubated at 37° C. with 20×g. Aeration was facilitated by Oxy-Pump stoppers. Recombinant protein expression was induced by metabolizing glucose and subsequently allowing lactose to enter the cells. At predefined time points OD₆₀₀ was measured, samples adjusted to 5/OD₆₀₀ were withdrawn, pelleted and frozen at −20° C. Cells were grown overnight for approximately 24 hours to reach a final OD₆₀₀ of about 45-60. To collect biomass cells were centrifuged at 16000×g for 10 min at 20° C. Pellets were weighed (wet weight) and pH was measured in the supernatant.

Cells were stored at −20° C. before processing.

Example 3 Analysis of Expression and Solubility of Fusion Proteins

Samples taken during fermentation were re-suspended in 300 μl extraction buffer (PBS supplemented with 0.2 mg/ml Lysozyme, 0.5×BugBuster, 7.5 mM MgSO₄, 40 U Benzonase) and solubilized by agitation in a thermomixer at 700 rpm at room temperature for 15 min. Soluble fusion proteins were separated from insoluble fusion proteins by centrifugation (16000×g, 2 min, rt).

Supernatant was withdrawn (soluble fraction) and the pellet (insoluble fraction) was re-suspended in equivalent amount of urea buffer (8 M urea, 0.2 M Tris, 2 mM EDTA, pH 8.5). From both soluble and insoluble fraction 50 μl were taken and 12 μl 5× sample buffer as well as 5 μl 0.5 M DTT were added. Samples were boiled at 95° C. for 5 min. Finally 8 μl of those samples were applied to a SDS-gel which was then run in accordance to the manufacturer's recommendations.

Example 4 Purification of Fusion Proteins

All fusion proteins were expressed in the soluble fraction of E. coli with a C-terminal StrepTagII. The cells were lysed by sonication (1 g biomass) and the first purification step was performed with cation exchange chromatography using HiTrap SP HP columns 1 ml, 50 mM sodium acetate pH 4.0 according to the manufacturer's instructions. The eluted fractions were injected to a size exclusion chromatography column XK16/600 Superdex 200 pg (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 20 mM citrate pH 6.0 and 150 mM NaCl. The peak fractions were pooled and analyzed by SDS-PAGE.

TABLE 3 Purification of fusion proteins. Fusion protein Yield biomass (mg/g) 146414 5.2 146416 8.0 146418 5.5 143276 4.0 140350 0.2

Example 5 Thermal Stability of Target-Specific Fusion Proteins

Thermal stability of the fusion proteins of the invention was determined by Differential Scanning Fluorimetry. Each probe was transferred at a concentration of 0.1 μg/μL to a MicroAmp® Optical 384-well plate (ThermoFisher), and SYPRO Orange dye was added at suitable dilution. A temperature ramp from 25 to 95° C. was programmed with a heating rate of 1° C. per minute (ViiA-7 Applied Biosystems). Fluorescence was constantly measured at an excitation wavelength of 520 nm and the emission wavelength at 623 nm (ViiA-7, Applied Biosystems). Similar melting points correlate to related protein structures.

Example 6 Analysis of Target Binding by ELISA

The affinities of the fusion proteins towards the specific targets (e.g. Her2, EGFR) were determined using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The target was immobilized on a 96 well Nunc MaxiSorb ELISA plate (2 μg/ml). After incubation for 16 h at 4° C. the wells were washed three times with PBST (PBS+0.1% Tween 20) and the wells were blocked with 3% BSA in PBS (2 h at room temperature). The negative controls were wells only blocked with BSA. After blocking, the wells were washed three times with PBST and incubated for 1 h with the fusion protein (in PBST) at room temperature. After incubation the wells were washed three times with PBST and subsequently incubated with Strep-Tactin-HRP (1:10000) (from IBA) for 1 hat room temperature. Afterwards the wells were washed three times with PBST and three times with PBS. The activity of the horseradish peroxidase was visualized by adding TMB-Plus substrate. After 30 min the reaction was stopped by adding 0.2 M H₂SO₄ and the absorbance was measured at 450 nm.

Example 7 Analysis of Target Binding by Surface Plasmon Resonance

A CM5 sensor chip (GE Healthcare) was equilibrated with SPR running buffer. Surface-exposed carboxylic groups were activated by passing a mixture of EDC and NHS to yield reactive ester groups. 700-1500 (1028) RU on-ligand (rProtein A) was immobilized on a flow cell, off-ligand was immobilized on another flow cell. Injection of ethanolamine after ligand immobilization removes non-covalently bound ligand (hHER2-Fc for Affilin-142628, fusion proteins 146414, 146416, and 146418; hEGFR-Fc for Affilin-139819, fusion proteins 143276 and 140350). Upon ligand binding, the protein analyte was accumulated on the surface increasing the refractive index. This change in the refractive index was measured in real time and plotted as response or resonance units (RU) versus time. The analytes were applied to the chip in serial dilutions with a suitable flow rate (30 μl/min). After each run, the chip surface was regenerated with regeneration buffer and equilibrated with running buffer. The control samples were applied to the matrix. Regeneration and re-equilibration were performed as previously mentioned. Binding studies were carried out by the use of the Biacore® 3000 (GE Healthcare); data evaluation was operated via the BIAevaluation 3.0 software, provided by the manufacturer, by the use of the Langmuir 1:1 model (RI=0). Evaluated dissociation constants (K_(D)) were standardized against off-target. Results are shown in Table 4 (see Example 9).

Example 8 Labeling of Fusion Protein

A. Labeling of Fusion Protein With EDANS-C2-Maleimid

35 μM fusion protein (Her2 specific CIDs146414, 146416 and 146418; EGFR specific CID143276; with three linking moieties and three coupling sites “CPAC” either C-terminal of the Affilin, CID140350, or N-terminal of the Affilin, CID140353) (each 0.632 mg/ml) were incubated with 10 fold excess of EDANS (5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid) in 20 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 for 1 h at room temperature. After blocking the non-reacted maleimids with 1 M cysteine for 1 h at rt, the samples were desalted using Hitrap columns (5 ml, GEHC) and PBS as running buffer. MALDI-TOF analysis was used to determine the degree of labeling.

B. Labeling of Fusion Protein With DOTA

Fusion proteins comprising two linking domains and two cysteins as coupling sites at the C-terminus of each linking domain and a “cap” at the C-terminus of the fusion protein were incubated with 20-fold excess of Maleimide-DOTA (2,2′,2″-(10-(2-((2-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triyl)triacetic acid, CheMatech) in 50 mM HEPES, 150 mM sodium chloride, 5 mM EDTA pH 7.0 for 3 h at room temperature. In order to reduce metal ions that might interact with DOTA-molecules all columns and AKTA devices (GE Healthcare) were incubated with 0.1 M EDTA solution for 30 minutes. For preparing solutions only metal-free or metal-reduced components were used. After the incubation the samples were separated from unbound DOTA molecules via size exclusion (Superdex S200, GE Healthcare) in 100 mM sodium acetate pH 5.0-5.8. Samples of labeled proteins were also incubated with 5 mM iron(II) chloride for 1 h at room temperature to prove that DOTA-molecules are available for coupling with radioisotopes. After the incubation unbound iron was removed using a HiTrap Desalting column (GE Healthcare). MALDI-TOF analysis was used to determine the degree of labeling.

Example 9 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry to Confirm Homogeneously Labeling of Fusion Proteins

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was carried out as followed: Fusion proteins were purified and concentrated using C18-P10-ZipTips (Millipore; catalog number ZTC18S096). The tips were washed with 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacedic acid (TFA) in water and eluted with 50% (v/v) acetonitrile/0.1% TFA . Samples were treated with 2% (v/v) TFA in water and embedded in 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) matrix (Bruker, catalog number 8231829). The mass of fusion proteins was measured on an autoflex™ speed mass spectrometer (Bruker). Protein calibration standards (Bruker, part no. 8206355 and part no. 8207234) were used for tuning of the autoflex speed mass spectrometer.

Fusion proteins with and without EDANS label were analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectra and peaks were compared. Results are shown in FIG. 4 and confirm that the fusion proteins are homogeneously labelled with 2 or 4 or 6 dye molecules. MALDI-TOF analysis shows that fusion proteins 140350 and 140353 are labeled with 6 dye molecules, corresponding to 6 cysteines in the fusion protein.

Fusion proteins with and without DOTA label were analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectra and peaks were compared. The analysis confirms that the fusion proteins are homogeneously labeled with 2 Maleimide-DOTA molecules. MALDI-TOF analysis also shows that the DOTA molecules labeled to the fusion proteins with two coupling sites are available for coupling with iron(II) chloride molecules. Although the K_(D) is slightly altered after labeling of the fusion proteins, labeling does not significantly affect the affinity of the fusion proteins to the target. Results are summarized in Table 4 (n.d., not determined).

TABLE 4 Affinity analysis of labelled fusion proteins using SPR Clone Number target affinity number label of label Mr_(calc) Mr_(exp) K_(D) 146414 none 0 25592 Da 25583 Da 0.79 nM EDANS 2 26288 Da 26278 Da 0.84 nM 146416 none 0 33894 Da 33877 Da 0.79 nM EDANS 4 35286 Da 35283 Da 1.17 nM 146418 none 0 42120 Da 42133 Da 0.92 nM EDANS 4 43512 Da 43527 Da 1.19 nM 143276 none 0 30526 Da 30527 Da   26 nM EDANS 2 31216 Da 31216 Da n.d. 

1. A targeted compound for specific coupling of chemical moieties, the targeted compound comprising: (a) a targeting domain selected from the group consisting of a non-Immunoglobulin protein, an antibody, and an antibody fragment, wherein the non-Immunoglobulin protein, antibody, or antibody fragment is capable of binding a target with a binding constant K_(D) of 500 nM or less; (b) one or more linking moieties consisting of 5 to 80 amino acids consisting essentially of or comprising 20 to 60% alanine, 20 to 40% proline, and 10 to 60% serine; and (c) one or more coupling sites at the C-terminal or N-terminal end of at least one linking moiety, wherein the coupling site consists of a single cysteine or is a cysteine-rich peptide motif selected from the group consisting of CXC, CXXC, and CXXXC, wherein each X cysteine rich peptide motif is independently selected from the group consisting of proline, alanine, serine, valine, glycine, threonine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, lysine, histidine, and arginine, and further wherein said linking moiety at least one of the one or more linking moieties connects the targeting domain and at least one of the one or more coupling sites and/or wherein said linking moiety at least one of the one or more linking moieties connects two coupling sites. 2-3. (canceled)
 4. The targeted compound of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequences of the one or more linking moieties are at least 85% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 3-34 and 55-76. 5-6. (canceled)
 7. The targeted compound of claim 6, wherein the targeting domain is a non-Immunoglobulin protein selected from the group consisting of a ubiquitin mutein, a mutein of a domain of protein A, an ankyrin repeat protein mutein, a lipocalin mutein, a mutein of a human Fyn SH3 domain, a mutein of a human fibronectin tenth domain, a mutein of an FN3 domain, a mutein of a Kunitz domain, a Sac7d mutein, a chagasin mutein, a mutein of a multimerized low density lipoprotein receptor-A, a mutein of a cysteine-knot miniprotein, a mutein of an Armadillo-repeat protein, a mutein of a tetranectin, a mutein of a C-type lectin domain, and a mutein of CTLA4.
 8. The targeted compound of claim 7, wherein the non-Immunoglobulin protein is a ubiquitin mutein that is 80-94% identical to ubiquitin (SEQ ID NO: 1) or to bis-ubiquitin (SEQ ID NO: 2).
 9. The targeted compound of claim 1, wherein the targeting domain is an antibody fragment.
 10. The targeted compound of claim 1, wherein the targeted compound further comprises an amino acid sequence of 10 to 80 amino acids immediately C-terminal to the most C-terminally located coupling site.
 11. (canceled)
 12. The targeted compound of claim 10, wherein the 10 to 80 amino acids are selected from the group consisting of alanine, proline, serine, valine, leucine, methionine, isoleucine, lysine, arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, threonine, glutamine, glycine, asparagine, and histidine. 13-14. (canceled)
 15. The targeted compound of claim 1, wherein at least one coupling site is located C-terminal to at least one linking moiety. 16-17. (canceled)
 18. The targeted compound of claim 1, wherein the chemical moieties are selected from the group consisting of drugs, toxins, dyes, small molecules, and chelators.
 19. (canceled)
 20. The targeted compound of claim 18, wherein at least one of the chemical moieties is a chelator designed as a complexing agent for coupling one or more further moieties to the targeted compound.
 21. The targeted compound of claim 20, wherein the chelator is a complexing agent for coupling one or more radioisotopes to the targeted compound.
 22. A method for diagnosing or treating a cancer, the method comprising contacting a cancer cell present in and/or isolated from a subject with the targeted compound of claim 1, wherein the targeting domain binds to a cancer antigen present on and/or in the cancer cell.
 23. (canceled)
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the contacting is performed in vitro.
 25. The targeted compound of claim 1, wherein the targeted compound is a fusion protein that comprises or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 42-51. 